Why Is Abortion Legal in the United States

During the 1960s and early 1970s, U.S. states began to repeal their bans on abortion. In Roe v. Wade (1973), the U.S. Supreme Court stated that abortion bans were unconstitutional in every state, legalizing abortion throughout the United States. For those who believe that human personhood begins during the early stages of pregnancy, the Supreme Courts decision and the state law repeals that preceded it may seem horrific, cold, and barbaric. And it is very easy to find quotes from some pro-choicers who are completely unconcerned about the bioethical dimensions of even third-trimester abortions, or who have a callous disregard for the plight of women who do not want to have abortions  but are forced to do so for economic reasons. As we consider the issue of abortion—and all American voters, regardless of gender or sexual orientation, have an obligation to do so—one question dominates: Why is abortion legal in the first place? Personal Rights vs. Government Interests In the case of Roe v. Wade, the answer boils down to one of the personal rights versus legitimate government interests. The government has a legitimate interest in protecting the life of an embryo or fetus, but embryos and fetuses do not have rights themselves unless and until it can be determined that they are human persons. Women are, obviously, known human persons. They make up the majority of known human persons. Human persons have rights that an embryo or fetus does not have until its personhood can be established. For various reasons, the personhood of a fetus is generally understood to commence between 22 and 24 weeks. This is the point at which the neocortex develops, and it is also the earliest known point of viability—the point at which a fetus can be taken from the womb and, given the proper medical care, still have a meaningful chance of long-term survival. The government has a legitimate interest in protecting the potential rights of the fetus, but the fetus itself does not have rights prior to the viability threshold. So the central thrust of Roe v. Wade is this: Women have the right to make decisions about their own bodies. Fetuses, prior to viability, do not have rights. Therefore, until the fetus is old enough to have rights of its own, the womans decision to have an abortion takes precedence over the interests of the fetus. The specific right of a woman to make the decision to terminate her own pregnancy is generally classified as a privacy right implicit in the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments, but there are other constitutional reasons why a woman has the right to terminate her pregnancy. The Fourth Amendment, for example, specifies that citizens have the right to be secure in their persons; the Thirteenth specifies that {n}either slavery nor involuntary servitude ... shall exist in the United States. Even if the privacy right cited in Roe v. Wade were dismissed, there are numerous other constitutional arguments that imply a womans right to make decisions about her own reproductive process. If abortion were in fact homicide, then preventing homicide would constitute what the Supreme Court has historically called a compelling state interest—an objective so important that it overrides constitutional rights. The government may pass laws prohibiting death threats, for example, despite the First Amendments free speech protections. But abortion can only be homicide if a fetus is known to be a person, and fetuses are not known to be persons until the point of viability. In the unlikely event that the Supreme Court were to overturn Roe v. Wade (see What if Roe v. Wade Were Overturned?), it would most likely do so not by stating that fetuses are persons prior to the point of viability, but instead by stating that the Constitution does not imply a womans right to make decisions about her own reproductive system. This reasoning would allow states to not only ban abortions  but also to mandate abortions if they so chose. The state would be given absolute authority to determine whether or not a woman will carry her pregnancy to term. Would a Ban Prevent Abortions? There is also some question as to whether or not a ban on abortions would actually prevent abortions. Laws criminalizing the procedure generally apply to doctors, not to women, which means that even under state laws banning abortion as a medical procedure, women would be free to terminate their pregnancies through other means—usually by taking drugs that terminate pregnancies but are intended for other purposes. In Nicaragua, where abortion is illegal, the ulcer drug misoprostol is often used for this purpose. Its inexpensive, easy to transport and conceal, and terminates the pregnancy in a manner that resembles a miscarriage—and it is one of literally hundreds of options available to women who would terminate pregnancies illegally. These options are so effective that, according to a 2007 study by the World Health Organization, abortions are just as likely to occur in countries where abortion is illegal as they are to occur in countries where abortion is not. Unfortunately, these options are also substantially more dangerous than medically-supervised abortions—resulting in an estimated 80,000 accidental deaths each year. In short, abortion is legal for two reasons: Because women have the right to make decisions about their own reproductive systems, and because they have the power to exercise that right regardless of government policy.

Global Strategies Of Mcdonald s Corporation And Starbucks...

This paper explores the global strategies of McDonald’s Corporation and Starbucks Corporation. An overview of the company histories is included along with the basic business philosophies. The focus of the paper is on the marketing strategies, both domestic and international, examining the marketing mix for each company. The four P’s of marketing are detailed with examples of how each company uses them to their advantage. The reasons for the successful global expansion of both companies are incorporated into the compiled information. A Look at the Global Marketing Strategies of McDonald’s and Starbucks McDonalds and Starbucks are two domestic companies that are very successful. Both have emerged first as leaders in their respective markets domestically, and because of that success have been able to grow and expanded into countries all over the world. This paper will examine these two companies from a global perspective in order to evaluate their marketing strategies, with a particular emphasis on how successful they have been in foreign markets. The paper will focus on how each company has applied the four P’s of price, product, place and promotion in their marketing mix, detailing how they are used gain an advantage in their respective markets. Finally, the paper will evaluate the success of these organizations in developing niches in their markets as compared to their competition. The first company examined is McDonald’s Corporation or McDonald’s as the brand name mostShow MoreRelatedEssay on Starbucks Strategic Plan1239 Words   |  5 PagesExecutive Summary Starbucks Corporation success in the coffee business has arguably been the most successful coffee chain in the past few decades. The company has been able to continue to attract customers even though they are not positioned as the lowest cost provider of coffee. 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Who Inspires Me Free Essays

Who Inspires Me? Seth has inspired me since the day we met. He is an amazing person and he has influenced me in a great way. He is sweet, loving, and caring. We will write a custom essay sample on Who Inspires Me or any similar topic only for you Order Now Seth is the kind of person that cares about everyone. He puts everyone before himself. Like the time I came home from school and I was really upset because something had happened. When I called Seth and told him what had happened he got really mad but, he hid the fact that he hid the fact that he was mad so I wouldn’t get upset. Seth loves everyone. The day we first met he came up and hugged me like I have known him my entire life. Seth doesn’t let the bad times get to him. He has had to deal with a lot of bad stuff in his life, but he still wakes up every morning with a smile on his face. Seth makes the best of everything. Seth knows how it feels to be upset because it is an often feeling for him, but even though he is upset h will put a smile on his face and act like nothing is wrong because he lives every day as if it were his last. Seth is an extremely funny person. He can make you laugh at the worst of times. Seth always has good advice. He always knows what to say to make you feel better. When I am around Seth it is nearly impossible for me to be upset. These are the reasons why in my eyes Seth is the most amazing boyfriend, brother, and friend. He is one of the most influential people in mylife. How to cite Who Inspires Me, Papers

Eaters Of The Dead Essay Example For Students

Eaters Of The Dead Essay Eaters of the Dead by Michael Crichton is a fiction but with historicalbackground. Through this piece Crichton hopes to express the way of life for theVikings in the year 922 AD while at the same time creating an entertainingstory. Using a manuscript written by Ibn-Fadlan Crichton pieced together a bookfilled with adventure and excitement. Michael Crichton was born in Chicago, 1942and always knew he had a talent for writing. He attended Brown University andhas since published many books such as Jurassic Park, The RisingSun, Disclosure, and many more. Several of his books have been madeinto movies, for example, Jurassic Park, The Lost World,Sphere, Congo, and Eaters of the Dead is coming to theatresthis summer starring Antonio Banderas. Michael Crichton is also the writer ofthe hit TV show ER. Ibn-Fadlan is a refined Arab courtier representing thepowerful Caliph of Baghdad and the whole story line is based on his travels. Heis a Muslim and is sent to the Bulgar land to instruct the ki ng in the Islamicreligion, acquaint the king with Islamic laws, and build a Mosque in the city. Little does Ibn-Fadlan know where his travels will lead him. Wyglif is thepresent chief of the Northmen (at the time) he has fallen ill and is believed tohave no chance of recovery. Once he dies, shortly after becoming ill, Buliwyf ismade the new leader. Buliwyf is a young noble chosen to be the Northmens newleader once Wyglif dies. He is a courageous warrior, very tall and strong, andskin, hair, and beard of pure white. Herger, one of the Northmen warriors, alsobecame Ibn-Fadlans friend. He helped him to translate the words of theNorthmen and also helped Ibn-Fadlan become accustomed to their way of life andhow to act around the Northmen. The Wendols are characters in the storywho, as told by Ibn-Fadlan, do not seem fully human. They ride on the back of ablack horse and have the head of a bear. They are extremely fierce warriors andare quite vindictive. They give off a stench so strong it hurts to breathebecause they consume human flesh and it is always on their breath. They comewith the mist, a dark fog that encircles the land when the Wendols come. MotherWendol is the leader of the wendols and said to be extremely old. To finallybeat the Wendols, one must kill her. She lives in the cave by the sea surroundedby coiled serpents all the time. She makes an almost painful sound when shescreams and smells the worst of them all. Ibn-Fadlan is an Ambassador to theCaliph of Baghdad and has been sent to teach the King of Bulgar the Islamic wayof life, and to build a Mosque in the city. On his way to Bulgar, he stops withhis party in the land of the Northmen. Being extremely hospitable people theywelcome the Arabs to their homes and provide them with food, clothing, andshelter for a few nights. As it so happens, their chief is very ill and whilethey are there, he dies. The Northmen will not let the Arabs leave their landuntil after the funeral and ceremonies. During this long process, kin of the newleader arrives and asks for the Northmens help in defeating the Wendols. According to the Angel of Death, an old woman said to have magical powers,thirteen warriors must go to the land of the wendol, one of them not being aNorthmen. Buliwyf, the chief of the Northmen demands Ibn-Fadlan to accompany themen in their battle and become the thirteenth warrior. He will not take no foran answer, and so, Ibn-Fadlans journey begins. Twelve other warriorsaccompanied Ibn, Buliwyf, Ecthgow, Higlak, Skeld, Weath, Roneth, Halga, Helfdane,Edgtho, Rethel, Haltaf, and Herger. With them, Ibn traveled across the oceansand fought many battles. Ibn learned their culture, way of life, and theirlanguage. He formed many friendships and gained a new perspective on life. .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b , .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b .postImageUrl , .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b , .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b:hover , .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b:visited , .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b:active { border:0!important; } .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b:active , .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Biography Of Nataniel Hawthorne EssayThough there were many difficult tasks to accomplish but Ibn managed well anddidnt realize what he was really in for. Warned many times about the wendolsIbn shrugged it off. He didnt realize the severity of the situation he wasin. They fought the wendol several times, only killing off a few and pushing thesurviving wendol to want revenge. After being beaten badly, Buliwyf announcedtheir new plan, to attack the wendol at their core, Mother Wendol. They would goto the cliff above the cave and climb down, taking the back entrance in. Fromthere they would attack the wendol when they least expected it and hopefullykill their leader. Upon arr ival at the cliff, Ibn knew he was in for somethingextreme, just climbing down the cliff was something he thought would bring himto his death. One by one, the Northmen went down the cliff, with only the rockyshore below. Finally they reached the cave and attacked. After many wendol hadbeen killed, Buliwyf went for the mother wendol. He stabbed her many times, allthe while Ibn fought off the other wendols. No matter how many times she wasstabbed, mother wendol would not fall. Finally Buliwyf struck with the fatalblow and the mother wendol collapsed over dead. As Buliwyf turned around, theremaining warriors noticed a silver pin in his stomach that the mother wendolhad stuck into him. As he pulled it out, a gush of blood came with it, and afterbeing reassured of the slaves, horses and treasure he would be allowed to takeinto the afterlife, Buliwyf passed away. But the wendol came back. They knew ofthe Northmens leaders death and took advantage of the Northmens weakness. As Ibnput it no words can describe the final attack of the wendol in the mist, nowords will say what blood was spilled, what screams filled the thick air, whathorses and horsemen died in hideous agony After the day passed, and thedevastation was taken care of, Ibn remained with the Northmen for several weeks. After a while he began to long for his homeland and told the Northmen of hissituation. With a warm farewell the Northmen bade Ibn-Fadlan goodbye and senthim off to Baghdad, home at last. Eaters of the Dead was written in firstperson and was written in a positive manner. Even with all the death anddestruction the tale had its good times. Ibn conquered many demons, includingmost of his own. He had good times with the Northmen and learned so much, it wasa new experience and showed him a whole different point of view. The language inthe book was very formal and a lot of good vocabulary words were used. Dialectwas used in accordance with the Northmen tradition. The length of the book wasjust right, not to short or too long. It kept my interest the whole time. Ithink the book was well written and interesting. It had a lot of historicalinformation but was extremely entertaining at the same time. I gained a betterperspective on the way of life for a culture I never knew I would learn anythin gabout. Though they were different from us, the Vikings had many good attributesto their society and it intrigued me to learn about them.

free essays Essays - Prise De Conscience, Radiations, Perturbation

La pollution d?signe la d?gradation d'un biotope par l'introduction, g?n?ralement humaine, de substances ou de radiations, entra?nant une perturbation plus ou moins importante de l'?cosyst?me[1]. Elle peut aussi avoir pour cause un ph?nom?ne g?ologique comme une ?ruption volcanique[2]. La pollution d'origine humaine peut avoir un impact tr?s important sur la sant? et dans la biosph?re comme en t?moigne l'exposition aux polluants et le r?chauffement climatique qui transforme le climat de la Terre et son ?cosyst?me, en entra?nant l'apparition de maladies inconnues jusqu'alors dans certaines zones g?ographiques, des migrations de certaines esp?ces, voire leur extinction si elles ne peuvent s'adapter ? leur nouvel environnement biophysique. C'est apr?s la Seconde Guerre mondiale qu'une prise de conscience des r?percussions des activit?s humaines sur l'environnement voit le jour via la naissance de l'?cologisme. Les pr?occupations environnementales conduisent les gouvernements ? prendre des mesures pour limiter l'empreinte ?cologique polluante des populations humaines et pour contrer des activit?s humaines contaminantes .

Write Your Biomedical Science Personal Statement Essays

Write Your Biomedical Science Personal Statement Essays Write Your Biomedical Science Personal Statement Essay Write Your Biomedical Science Personal Statement Essay Biomedical science students pursuing advance studies hardly ever worry about any intricate formulas or equations, however, they do get panic-stricken quite easily when they are asked by the admission board of a college to prepare a personal statement. Basically these statements are used to impress the admission board and increase the chances of gaining admission into the university you want. Nonetheless, there are some valuable guidelines which can help students in preparing an impressive biomedical science personal statement. Get in touch with the admission department of different biomedical science universities and acquire some guidelines for writing the statement. Review each guideline carefully in order to determine whether you have to stick with the specified format for the personal statement or you can use your own. If they strictly order you to stick with their specified guideline, you have to adhere to their specification, otherwise the board may reject your statement. Also check the given word limit for the statement. Analyze the guidelines and understand what the admission board really wants in an applicant’s personal statement. Make a list of some reasons that tell the readers why you would make an excellent PhD candidate in the field of biomedical science. Ask your parents, friends or other family members to do the same on your behalf. They will most likely include those qualities or experience that you might be unpretentious to include in the statement. Make notes of those people who have inspired you to pursue this field. Create a personal statement outline keeping in view the specifications or guidelines of the university which you are applying to. Remember that you have to create a new outline for each university because it is highly likely that their guidelines may differ. By having an outline you will be able to stick with the format and instructions as specified in the guideline. Develop your biomedical science personal statement by mentioning the extracurricular activities which you have partaken. For instance, volunteering at a local hospital for a week or month under the supervision of a gerontologist and striving how to improve the healthcare facilities for old age people demonstrates the admission board that you are seriously dedicated to the biomedical science field and you take your responsibilities very sincerely. In the next paragraph talk a little about how your academic grades relate to your interest and dedication with their field. Talk about your aspiration such as you find it very interesting to read the fascinating work of Roger Watson. Do not hesitate to talk about your schooling experience as it will prove crucial at University where patience is most needed. In the subsequent paragraph talk about your other hobbies or interest. For example, you partake in different sports like tennis, football or swimming. Revise the final draft of the biomedical science personal statement and submit it to the board after ensuring that it is error-free. Keep your personal statement accurate and to the point. While revising, omit any unnecessary sentences that are not interesting or irrelevant.

Euthanasia - Right or wrong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Euthanasia - Right or wrong - Essay Example As keeping in mind that it is actually his own life which he wants to terminate. The other point that comes under ethics is that what should be the circumstances under which Euthanasia should be allowed. Euthanasia cannot be allowed in any normal circumstances but only when there is no other option left for the patient as well as the physician. Many people believe that the Euthanasia should no be allowed in any case. According to them there is a chance that it can be used as rivalry or might be used as a cover for murder. When see it closely there is very less difference in killing and letting someone die. Killing can be either giving a person any lethal injection and by letting someone die is to see any person who is about to die and do nothing for him or her. Euthanasia is said to be a pain relief. The doctor gives a lethal injection to the patient in order to relieve him or her from the pain and he never intended to kill him. This is known as Doctrine of Double Effect. It is sometimes known as â€Å"easy killing†. Normally people think that the only reason for asking Euthanasia is the unbearable pain and suffering but the recent research in USA and Netherlands proved that the less than a third of requests were because of severe and unbearable pain and suffering. If a person is in a condition of long illness and his or her personal life is severely damaged due to his illness and isolation. He may be having a worst relation with his or her spouse, children or friends. His may be in danger of loosing his job, in these circumstances, the only thing that attacked him is depression and fear. The fear of loosing his job, the fear of loosing his family, the fear of being deserted by his friends, fear to loose his control over his life and fear of loosing his dignity, he might imagine himself as a burden on his family and on earth, he might think of himself as a

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 70

History - Essay Example While he is a Muslim, he has to adjust to an expanse primarily dominated by Christianity. Ibrahima faces an identity and dignity challenge after his migration to another continent. Religiously, Ibrahima is an ardent Muslim. As an enslaved person, he is barred from reading or practicing his faith in any way. Most of the slaves were Muslims. Even so, this did not persuade the masters to let their slaves observe their religious convictions (Alford, 1977). As a result, they had to resign to a life of disgrace and far-reaching degradation. In spite of the challenges he endured, Ibrahima rose above the appalling subjugation. Naturally, during times of distress, people maintain their religious inclinations to acquire deliverance. Despite the bad things that happen, Ibrahima upholds the Qadr (will of God) and stays staunchly upright. Ibrahima dignity is tried when he moves from one social order as a prince to a lower one as a slave. From a life of supremacy and honour, he became a slave in a strange place. As a prince, there are privileges he enjoyed. As a slave, he is virtually reduced to a vagrant who has to work for a master (Alford, 1977). Owing to this, his dignity is shattered. He desperately tries to convince his new master that he is of value in his homeland and that his father can trade his liberty for gold. This is ignored by the slave-owner who discounts it as nonsense. Although he is later recognized by an Irish surgeon, Ibrahima fails to secure his freedom. He never mislays his dignity and maintains hope of regaining his independence. Ibrahima’s quest to gain freedom faced diverse challenges. For instance, the American Colonization Society, which aided slaves in their pursuit for freedom, demanded that he transforms to Christianity to obtain help. Unexpectedly, the first thing he did when he touched foot in Liberia was to express gratitude to Allah for his emancipation. In addition, the repatriation

Identify the key characteristics of the health care services external Essay

Identify the key characteristics of the health care services external environment and discuss their implications for for the pro - Essay Example Whereby, external environment may involve analyzing Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats that may affect provision of health care service (SWOT analysis). On the other hand, internal environment of a health care service may involve determining hospital clients, competitors, stakeholders/collaborators as well as climate which an organization is operating in (Muller, Bezuidenhout and Jooste, 2006). External factor may include; a social, religious believes, occupation and education level may affect provision of health care services (Hitchcock, Schubert and Thomas, 2003). In addition, health campaigns via the social media may influence people behaviours towards health services. For example; health mass media may sensitize and encourage people on the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. This in turn may have a significant impact on provision of health services (Moseley, 2009). Economic factors may further affect provision of health services. For example, the d iscrepancies in people levels of income may determine the accessibility of health services. Whereby, poor people may not be in a position to afford quality health services unlike the affluent. Additionally, laws and regulations may affect provision of health services because organization must observe established health standards. Hospitals and health organizations must protect the environment and ensure that people take medical insurance cover. On the contrary, internal factors may involves people believes and their core values with respect to the provision of health care services. Connectively, internal factors may further involve the level of knowledge among the people. This may significantly impact provision of health services because people with higher level of knowledge are likely to seek health services than the less knowledgeable members of the society (Muller, Bezuidenhout and Jooste, 2006). Key characteristics of the health care services external and Internal Health Care En vironment External Health Care Environment The United Kingdom health care service contains the following characteristic; population size, mandate, accountability, funding and managing performance. Population characteristic entails actions undertaken by various bodies such as strategic health authority which is responsible for a population of 2.6-7.5 million people. In addition, the primary care trust was responsible for a population of more than ninety thousand people. On the other hand, the public care trust collaborated with local authorities in provision of health. In addition the general practice and foundation trust were also involved in health population (The Change Foundation’s, 2009). Mandate involves the duties and responsibilities that system managers, commissioners and General practice should execute. For instance, system managers should not only make health plans but they should also monitor the progress of both National Health Service and Primary Care Trust. On t he contrary, health care commissioners have a duty of developing local health strategies as well as monitoring and integrating social and health services. In addition, general practice (GP) such as nurses, pharmacist therapist, opticians and dentist they have a both clinical and managerial responsibility (The Change Foundation’s, 2009). In above connection, Secretary of state for health and department of health should be accountable in quality of health and ensure close monitoring of both National

Wolves Communication Pack

Wolves Communication Pack COMMUNICATION AMONG WOLVES ABSTRACT Just like any other animal wolves communicate with each other, with most of its communication being between pack members. Wolves use three differing types of communication; 1) Vocalizations; Wolves are frequently heard at night because it is when they are most active. Wolves howl for many reasons, particularly to locate other members of the pack and to warn outside wolves to stay away from an occupied area. 2) Scent marking; Wolves possess a very keen sense of smell (about 100xs greater than humans). Wolves use this ability along with the others to communicate with other wolves. Scents are used to mark pack territories or lone wolf territories. These territories are marked most often by urination and defecation on or around trees and other objects. In addition to these two means of scent marking wolves also scent mark by scratching and scent rolling. And the last method of communication 3) Body postures; Wolves also use body language to communicate, whether it is to others in the pac k or outside of the pack. Some postures are used to show affection, some fear or humiliation, others happiness and even others can emanate respect between pack members. All are important and used by wolves on a daily basis, whether it be to warn off competing packs, communicate a fresh kill or to portray dominance. INTRODUCTION One of the things that distinguish different members of the family Canidae is the differential development of social behaviour. Among the close relatives of the domestic dog, the most highly social species is the wolf. Wolves belong to a family group often referred to as a pack. This social structure was originally thought to allow the wolf, a social predator, to take prey many times its size, however new theories are emerging suggesting that the pack strategy instead maximizes reproductive success and has less to do with hunting. They live, travel and hunt in these packs which consists of anywhere from four to fifteen members (pack sizes are subject to change overtime and are controlled by such things as food supply, individual personalities and habitat type). The rare exception is the lone wolf, this wolf will most likely be the omega wolf, the lowest ranked member of the pack, and if it is lucky will find a mate and start a new pack. Wolf packs have a very elaborate hierarchy, one in which is topped by the alpha male and female, followed by their pups, often several sub-adults from the previous years litter and sometimes some older siblings as well. When pack sizes are large (usually more then 8 members) it is possible to witness two differing hierarchies in one pack, one in which is the females being led by the alpha female and the other the males being led by the alpha male. The alpha pair share the most social freedom among all pack members, they are very influential and simply have the most freedom in where to go, what to do and when to do it, with the rest of the pack usually following. The alpha male and female therefore usually direct the pack in hunting and tracking prey, choosing den sites and establishing and maintaining the packs territory. Rank order is ascertained and sustained through a series of ritualized fights and posturing best expressed as ritual bluffing. Wolves prefer physiological warfare to physical confrontations, meaning that the hi gher ranking status is based more on personality or attitude rather than on size or physical strength. Rank order may be lost rather suddenly or gradually. An older wolf may simply choose to give way to a motivated challenger, yielding its position without bloodshed. On the other hand the challenged individual may opt to fight back with varying degrees of passion. Wolves communicate using three main strategies; 1) vocalizations- howls and growls; 2) facial expressions and body postures and; 3) scent marking. Howling alone can have a variety of meanings; a greeting, a rallying call to gather the pack to get ready for a hunt, an advertisement of their presence to warn other wolves away from their territory or spontaneous expression of play and bonding. The howl of a wolf can be heard up to six miles away making it the most useful means of communication given that wolves range over large distances while hunting and traveling. Wolves engage in a variety of displays of dominance, and submission that helps reinforce the hierarchy in packs. Wolves use their entire bodies; expressions of the eyes and mouth, the position of the ears, tail, head and overall position of the body are used to convey excitement, anxiety, aggression or compliance. Wolves also wrestle, rub cheeks and noses and nip and lick one another. They leave behind messages for themselve s as well as other pack members by means of urination, defecating or scratching the ground to leave scent marks. These marks can set the boundaries of territories, record trails, warn off other wolves or help lone wolves find unoccupied territories. In a similar fashion wolves will roll around in items with a strong scent such as carrion as a way of letting other pack members know where they have been or what it has encountered. In the end it can be said that the â€Å"habits of the wolves require members of a social unit to be visually separated at times so that these olfactory and auditory means of communication are possible† ( Berge, 1967). VOCALIZATIONS â€Å"The wolf is a wide ranging social carnivore with a complex spatial organization for which acoustic communication plays an important role† (Palacios et al. 2006). There are four kinds of vocalizations that are popular among wolves, they include; the growl, the whimper, the bark and the more associated sound of the wolf, the howl. Any one of these or a combination of these allows the wolves to communicate with one another. The bark can be used over long distances and can take on the roll of sounding an alarm or presenting a challenge. The alarm bark is most often used when a wolf is caught off guard and surprised at the opening of its den, and a challenge bark is a warning for a wolf to back off when two wolves are encountering a â€Å"face off† (a fight). The growl has similar meanings to the bark however it is used in shorter distance communication. It is used to keep other wolves away, to reinforce dominance and, it can also be used at short range to challenge. T he whimper is used at short ranges as well and portrays a sociable stance (often used by young to receive care). The howl, the most well known form of communication among wolves, seems to have many complex functions and will be looked at in greater detail compared to the other three types of communication listed above. Howls allow wolves to communicate over several kilometers. Howls have been described as long harmonic sounds with a fundamental frequency from 150Hz- 1000Hz for adults. There have been two types of vocalizations involving howls that have been recorded; 1) Solo howls and 2) Chorus howls. Solo howls, also referred to as a lonesome howl is emitted by a sole individual. In the study down by Berge many years ago unique features were found to exist in individual howls. Harmonic characteristics were found that would distinguish individuals on the basis of any one howl. Therefore the variation in structure likely indicates who is howling and the frequency modulations, predominantly the change in pitch makes the howls much easier to locate. The ability of a wolf to detect these very subtle changes in sounds indicates that a response to this information is possible (view figure 3). As with any form of behaviour there is a cost/benefit to this action. The lone wolf is just that, it is alone, an d when producing sound its pack mates are not the only ones who pick up the vocalization, thus this behaviour could turn out to be detrimental. However with any cost comes with it benefits, a lone wolfs howl can help one locate the other members of its pack proving to be advantageous. A chorus howl on the other hand has been described as a vocalization in which one wolf begins howling, with the other members joining in subsequently until the whole pack is howling together. Rather than using howls with a single pure tone, wolves use modulated tones. With the rapid changes in pitch it makes it very difficult to follow only one individuals howl, and to add to it the surrounding environment helps reflect the sound and scatter it making it extremely challenging for a competitor pack to distinguish where the pack is and how many members the pack consists of. The heart of a wolfs universe is its pack and howling could be the adhesive that keeps it together, suggesting that howling may reinforce the social bonds between pack members as well as keeping the pack safe. In view of the fact that wolves are separated great distances during a hunt, it is not unlikely that howling keeps the pack as one physically. Of all their calls howling is the only one that works immensely over great distances. Its long duration and low pitch are what make it suitable for long range communication through the forest and in tundra areas. Its unique features are what allow a wolf to convey its identity and each wolf can be identified by its pack just by means of its howl. SCENT MARKING While howling may provide much information about a wolfs whereabouts elaborate spatial patterns of scent marks provide precise information about inhabited territory. A territory is a â€Å"space within which an animal is aggressive to and usually dominate over certain intruders† (White et al, 1996). It is a silent way of steering clear of violence that would otherwise be required to preserve a territory. Scent marking can also provide a silent exchange between animals that share territories and can also help an individual keep its point of reference when traveling. When Roger Peters and David Mech conducted studies on a variety of wolf packs in the Superior National Forest of northern Minnesota they found that wolves scent mark using four differing methods. The first method is by means of raised leg urination. â€Å"This form of scent marking is closely connected with territorial marking and maintenance† (Macdonald et al. 1998). These markings are made throughout the te rritory and heighten in concentration at the limits of the territories. The alpha male and alpha female are the primary users of raised leg urination (more often it is the alpha male) with only few instances where it will be used by other wolves. The second mode of marking is squat urination. This mode of urination is the ordinary form of urinating, and is performed by the lower ranking individuals in the pack. This method of scent marking supplies them with information about which fraction of the territory has been hunted during times of separation. Scratching, and or scent rolling the third strategy to scent marking involves a wolf that may rub its lips and neck against a tree or on the ground or scrape the ground with their paws (normally after urination) to mark out their territory. Scraping, usually with the hind legs and sometimes also done with the front is predominantly performed by the dominant individuals, the alphas (can be done by mid ranking individuals depending on th e circumstances). Wolves have scent glands between their toes which release odours/ a characteristic scent. The wolf has several specialized glands, located all over the wolfs body that function as a chemical and a visual message for other wolves. There is one located near its anus (anal gland), another on its back, one at the tip of its tail (precaudal gland), in its eyes, behind its ears, on its cheek near the corner of the wolves mouth and between their toes (as mentioned above). The aroma from these glands is as individualistic as our own fingerprints. Each scent is specific to an individual each with its own meaning. Scats also referred to as defecation is then the fourth means of marking. Again this form of marking is very similar to that of urination and serves many of the same purposes. However here it acts as a more visual warning. Here again the anal scent gland becomes important. It produces a pungent oily pheromone that is excreted during bowel movements, thus scenting t he wolfs scat with his/her own odour. The exact purpose of this means of scenting is unknown however it could very well be that these anal scent glands play an imperative role in wolves of higher ranking for it has been observed that when higher ranking individuals meet they sniff under the tail, this action is not performed by submissive wolves (lower ranking wolves). (Refer to figure 1 and table 1) â€Å"Olfactory communication is defined as the process whereby a chemical signal is generated by a presumptive sender and transmitted to a presumptive receiver who by means of adequate receptors can identify, integrate and respond to the signal† ( Kleiman, 1972). Scent plays a exceedingly imperative role in the life of a wolf, by smell alone wolves can locate prey, other pack members or enemies. It can tell them if other wolves were in their territory, if they were male or female and how recently they were there. Therefore marking can be used for non-territorial purposes as well. It can also be used to identify individuals, lay claims to a kill, for navigational purposes during those long ranging hunts and can also be used as a indication for sexual receptivity during mating season ( suggested that this is the purpose of sniffing under the tail upon greeting). BODY POSTURES Wolves convey their emotions through body language. Here they can â€Å"communicate visually a number of expressions and moods that range from subtler signals to more obvious ones† (Berg, 2003). The following are observed behaviours. Wolves display dominance by standing tall and stiffed leg. The ears are erect and forward and the tail is held vertically and curled toward its back. This demonstration declares the wolfs rank to the rest of the pack. Submission can take the form of either active submission or passive submission depending on the circumstances. In active submission the wolf lowers its entire body toward the ground and the lips and ears are drawn back, in essence the teeth are bared. The tail is down and either half way or completely between its legs (depends on level of submission) with their muzzle (refer to figure 2) pointing up toward the more dominant individual. The back will be arched and again depending on the level of submission the back may be arched more or less. During passive submission, a more intense form compared to active submission the wolf will roll over onto its back and render its susceptible throat and underside, with the paws being drawn into the body. If a wolf is displaying anger its ears will be erect and its fur may bristle. Here the teeth are bared and it is usually accompanied by a snarl or growl. When a wolf is fearful it tends to make itself look small and less conspicuous. The ears flatten and again the tail is tucked between the legs. If a wolf senses danger suspicion will arise. This is displayed by the pulling back of the ears and the narrowing of the eyes. The tail will be parallel to the ground and pointing straight out. A playful wolf will hold its tail high and wag it. The wolf may frolic and dance around, or bow by placing the front of its body down to the ground all the while holding its rear in the air. (Table 2 summarizes body postures) CONCLUSIONS Wolves are multifaceted social animals whereby communication signals are used for a variety of purposes. In order to function as a group communication among individuals in a pack is crucial. Communication is used for recognition, reproduction, social status, alarm, foraging and group spacing also referred to as territoriality. â€Å"The wolf is a wide ranging social carnivore with a complex spatial organization for which acoustic communication plays an important role† (Palacios et al. 2006). There are four kinds of vocalizations that are popular among wolves, they include; the growl, the whimper, the bark and the more associated sound of the wolf, the howl. Any one of these or a combination of these allows the wolves to communicate with one another. While howling may provide much information about a wolfs whereabouts elaborate spatial patterns of scent marks provide precise information about inhabited territory. Scent plays a very important role in the life of a wolf, by smell alone wolves can locate prey, other pack members or enemies. It can tell them if other wolves were in their territory, if they were male or female and how recently they were there. Therefore marking can be used for non-territorial purposes as well. It can also be used to identify individuals, lay claims to a kill, for navigational purposes during those long ranging hunts and can also be used as an indication for sexual receptivity during mating season. Wolves communicate at close range their emotions through body posture, tail positions and facial expressions. Here they can â€Å"communicate visually a number of expressions and moods that range from subtler signals to more obvious ones† (Berg, 2003). All forms of communication are important and used by wolves on a daily basis to ensure that they stay in touch with the rest of the pack. FIGURES (Figure 1 and table 1- Macdonald et al., 1998) Figure 1: Table 1: Table 2: Body Language Chart: Submission: Play: Aggression: Dominate Postures: (Alpha(s)/ Beta(s))  · Ears back against skull  · Lowered Body  · Whining  · Tail lowered/tucked  · No eye contact  · Prancing around  · Upper body lowered in play bow  · Barking playfully  · Yipping  · Ears forward alert  · Ears flat to the side  · Upper lip curled bearing teeth  · Tail lowered aggressively  · Shoulders up (posing more dominate)  · Hackles raised  · Growling  · Tail held high  · Chest held outwards  · Head held high  · Ears locked forward  · Always alert  · Demeanour always regale http://www.wolfspirits.org/aboutwolves.htm Figure 2: http://www.wolfdancer.org/communication/ Figure 3 Wolf howl sonogram REFERENCES Evaluation of a Simulated Howling Survey for Wolves Todd K. Fuller; Barry A. Sampson The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 52, No. 1. (Jan., 1988), pp. 60-63. Scent-marking in wolves. Peters RP and Mech LD Am Sci. 1975 Nov-Dec;63(6):628-37. A Model for Wolf Pack Territory Formation and Maintenance K.A.J WHITE, M.A LEWIS AND J.D MURRAY Journal of Theoretical Biology Volume: 178 Issue: 1, pp.29-43, 2006 Analysis of a model for wolf territories M. A. Lewis, K. A. J. White, J. D. Murray Journal of Mathematical Biology, Volume: 35 Issue: 1 pp. 749-774, 1997 5. Olfactory Communication in Mammals J F Eisenberg, and D G Kleiman Annual Review of Ecology and SystematicsVol. 3: 1-32 (Volume publication date November 1972) Scent-marking and territorial behaviour of Ethiopian wolves Canis simensis Claudio Sillero-Zubiri and David W. Macdonald Journal of Zoology Volume 245 Issue 3 Page 351-361, July 1998 Howling as a means of communication among timber wolves Theberge, John American Zoologist, 7:331-338, 1967 Fred H. Harrington. Whats in a Howl? Mount Saint Vincent University, Nova Scotia http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/wolves/howl.html Berg, Karyln. Communication, 2003. Retrieved on Nov. 19/07 http://www.wolfdancer.org/communication/ 10. Author unknown. The Wolf Spirits Pack, 2001. Retrieved on Nov. 19/07 http://www.wolfspirits.org/aboutwolves.htm

Use of Nature in Chopins Awakening and Langston Hughes Poems :: comparison compare contrast essays

     Ã‚  Ã‚   Langston Hughes and Kate Chopin use nature in several dimensions to demonstrate the powerful struggles and burdens of human life. Throughout Kate Chopin's The Awakening and several of Langston Hughes' poems, the sweeping imagery of the beauty and power of nature demonstrates the struggles the characters confront, and their eventual freedom from those struggles. Nature and freedom coexist, and the characters eventually learn to find freedom from the confines of society, oneself, and finally freedom within one's soul. The use of nature for this purpose brings the characters and speakers in Chopin's and Hughes' works to life, and the reader feels the life and freedom of those characters.    Nature, in the works of Chopin and Hughes serves as a powerful symbol that represents the struggle of the human soul towards freedom, the anguish of that struggle, and the joy when that freedom is finally reached. In The Awakening, the protagonist Edna Pontellier undergoes a metamorphosis. She lives in Creole society, a society that restricts sexuality, especially for women of the time. Edna is bound by the confines of a loveless marriage, unfulfilled, unhappy, and closed in like a caged bird. During her summer at Grand Isle she is confronted with herself in her truest nature, and finds herself swept away by passion and love for someone she cannot have, Robert Lebrun.      The imagery of the ocean at Grand Isle and its attributes symbolize a force calling her to confront her internal struggles, and find freedom. Chopin uses the imagery of the ocean to represent the innate force within her soul that is calling to her. "The voice of the sea is seductive; never ceasing, whispering, clamoring, murmuring, inviting the soul to wander for a spell in abysses of solitude; to lose itself in a maze of inward contemplation." (p.14) Through nature and its power, Edna, begins to find freedom in her soul and then returns to a life in the city where reside the conflicts that surround her. Edna grew up on a Mississippi plantation, where life was simple, happy, and peaceful. The images of nature, which serve as a symbol for freedom of the soul, appear when she speaks of this existence. In the novel, she remembers a simpler life when she was a child, engulfed in nature and free: "The hot wind beating in my face made me think - without any connection that I can trace - of a summer day in Kentucky, of a meadow that seemed as big as the ocean to the very little girl walking through the grass, which was higher than her waist.

Lymphatic system Essay

1.What is the significance of a lower-than-normal hematocrit? What is the effect of a bacterial infection on the hematocrit? A lower than normal hematocrit indicates anemia, a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells provide oxygen to the body tissues. If you have a bacterial infection, your white blood cell count would increase because as the wbc’s are fighting off the infection they die off releasing a chemical into the blood stream that tells your body to increase production of white blood cells. With a higher production of white blood cells the red blood cell production would slightly decrease which would decrease the ratio of rbc’s to whole blood volume. 2.Compare the development of lymphocytes with the development of the other formed elements. Lymphocytes have a lifetime measured in years most formed elements of the blood are continually dying and being replaced within hours, days, and weeks. 3.What is erythropoiesis? Which factors speed up and slow down erythropoiesis? Erythropoiesis is the production of red blood cells – Erythropoiesis is speeded up when oxygen delivery to the kidneys falls, and slows down when there is sufficient oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. 4.Explain what would happen if a person with type B blood were given a transfusion of type O blood. Nothing would happen. O type blood is universal and can be given to any blood type. 5.During an anatomy and physiology exam you are asked to view white blood cells in prepared slides of standard human blood smears. Based on the observations below, what is the name and function of each WBC? a) Lymphocyte – Major combatant in immune responses b) Basophil – Intensifies the inflammatory reaction, and is involved in hypersensitivity reactions. c) Monocyte – Phagocytosis and cell debris cleanup d) Neutrophil – Active in phagocytosis e) Eosinophil – Releases enzymes that combat the effects of histamine and other substances involved in inflammation during allergic reactions. They also phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and are effective against  certain parasitic worms. 6.Why would the level of leukocytes be higher in an individual who has been infected with a parasitic disease? The presence of the parasitic microorganisms triggers an immune response in the body of the infected individual. The leukocytes are then produced in large amounts in order to protect the body. 7.In regions where malaria is endemic, some people build up immune resistance to the malaria pathogen. Which WBCs are responsible for the immune response against pathogens? How do they function? White blood cells or leukocytes are vital cells of the immune system protecting the human body against infections, bacteria, microbes, viruses and pathogens. These cells are produced in the stem of the bone marrow and are composed of granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and non-granulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). White blood cells act as the defending army of the human immune system providing a shield against several diseases and viruses. A genetically weak or defective immune system can lead to increased susceptibility to infection, allergies, and autoimmune diseases. 8.What is the function of prothrombinase and throbin in clotting? Explain how the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of blood clotting differ. Prothrombinase coverts prothrobin into the enzyme thrombin and thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin. The extrinsic pathway occurs very rapidly with a tissue protein leaking into the blood from damaged tissues outside the blood vessels; the intrinsic pathway is more complex, occurs more slowly, and its activators are either in direct contact with blood or contained within the blood.

Greek Eros and Philia Love Magic

Greek Eros and Philia Love Magic Classical scholar Christopher Faraone writes about love among the ancient Greeks. He looks at evidence from erotic charms, spells. and potions to form a mixed picture of what relations between the sexes were really like. In this article, we use Farones information to explain the common uses of love magic between ancient Greek men and women. But first, a small digression to introduce terms used for love: Brotherly Love; Gods Love; Romantic love; Parents Love The following online discussion argues that the reason English speakers are confused about love is that we dont have enough words for it. Writer A:I recently read: Sanskrit has ninety-six words for love; ancient Persian has eighty; Greek three; and English only one.The author thought it was symbolic of the devaluation of the feeling function in the West. Writer B:Interesting, but I think English speakers do know the 96 forms of love - they just jam it into one word! The Greek words were eros, agape, and philia, right? See, we all use those definitions, but in the same word. Eros is a romantic, sexual hormone-raging love. Agape is a deep, connecting, brotherly love. Philia is a...hmm...I think necrophilia and pedophilia explain it.That is why we are all confused over what love is, since we have dozens of definitions for it! Agape and Philia vs. Eros We native speakers of English distinguish between lust and love but tend to get confused when we look at the Greek distinction between: eros andagape orphilia Affection as Love While it is easy to understand agape as the love one feels towards friends, family, and animals, we think of the mutual affection we feel towards our mates as different. Affection and Passion The agape (or philia) of the Greeks included affection, and also the sexual passion felt towards our mates, according to the University of Chicagos Christopher A. Faraone. Eros, however, was new, disorienting passion, conceived of as an attack of unwelcome lust, aptly represented as inflicted by the arrow-wielding god of love. Black and White Love Magic When we talk about black magic, we mean spells or voodoo practices designed to hurt someone else; by white, we mean spells or charms whose aim is to heal or help, often connected with medicinal herbs and other holistic or non-traditional healing practices. From our perspective, the ancient Greeks used black and white magic to arm themselves in the arena of love. Black magic: There were magical effigies much like those used today by practitioners of voodoo. The practitioner of this aggressive magic would cast an incantation and poke or burn the effigy in an effort to affect the person represented. The intention was to make the woman represented suffer the pangs of lust to the point that she would leave her family. The practitioner might invoke Eros, Pan, Hekate, or Aphrodite.White magic: Practitioners applied herbs to make an errant lover return or to restore harmony to a dysfunctional relationship. She might invoke Selene, Helios, or Aphrodite. Both types of love magic usually involved spells or incantations, but the type were referring to as black is more closely related to curse tablets than the other, more benign, love magic. The difference between these two types of magic is based on the difference between the two types of love, eros and philia. Gender-Based Love Magics Faraone distinguishes these two types of love, eros and philia, and their related magics as overwhelmingly gender-based. Men used the eros-based agoge spells [agolead] designed to lead women to them; women, the philia spells. Men used the spells to make women burn with passion. Women used the spells as aphrodisiacs. Men tied up their effigies and tortured them. They used incantations, tortured animals, burning, and apples. Women spread ointments on the clothing of their mates or sprinkled herbs in food. They also used incantations, knotted cords, and love potions. Theocritus Iunx The gender division isnt absolute. The iunx is said to have been a small, sexually rapacious bird which Greek men would tie on a wheel and then torture, in the hopes of filling the objects of their lust with burning, irresistible passion. In Theocritus second Idyll, its not a man, but a woman who uses an iunx as a magical object for an agoge spell. She repeatedly chants: Iunx, bring my man home. Mythology and Modern Love Magic in Pill Form While the agoge spells, the ones men usually used on women, resemble voodoo and seem like what we call black magic, the philia spells could also be deadly. As is the nature of many herbs, you only need a little. When the mythological Deianeira used the centaurs ointment on Hercules garment, it was as a philia spell, to keep Heracles from abandoning her for his new love, Iole (cf Women of Trachis). Although we do not know, perhaps a drop would not have killed him; however, the amount Deianeira used proved fatal. The ancient Greeks did not distinguish magic from medicine, as we claim to do. The need for erotic (whether agoge or philia) magic has long extended into domestic life where the wife of an impotent man (or the man himself) might invoke a bit of philia magic. Viagras popularity attests to the fact that we still practice magic miracle cures. Source Faraone, Christopher A., Ancient Greek Love Magic. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.

How to Measure Precipitation

How to Measure Precipitation Average annual precipitation is a vital piece of climatic data - one that is recorded through a variety of methods. Precipitation (which is most commonly rainfall but also includes snow, hail, sleet, and other forms of liquid and frozen water falling to the ground) is measured in units over a given time period. The Measurement In the United States, precipitation is commonly represented in inches per 24-hour period. This means that if one inch of rain fell in a 24-hour period and, theoretically, water wasnt absorbed by the ground nor did it flow downhill, after the storm there would be a layer of one inch of water covering the ground. The low-tech method of measuring rainfall is to use a container with a flat bottom and straight sides (such as a cylindrical coffee can). While a coffee can will help you determine whether a storm dropped one or two inches of rain, its difficult to measure small or accurate amounts of precipitation. Rain Gauges Both amateur and professional weather observers use more sophisticated instruments, known as rain gauges and tipping buckets, to more precisely measure precipitation. Rain gauges often have wide openings at the top for rainfall. The rain falls and is funneled into a narrow tube, sometimes one-tenth the diameter of the top of the gauge. Since the tube is thinner than the top of the funnel, the units of measurement are further apart than they would be on a ruler and precise measuring to the one-hundredth (1/100 or .01) of an inch is possible. When less than .01 inch of rain falls, that amount is known as a trace of rain. A tipping bucket electronically records precipitation on a rotating drum or electronically. It has a funnel, like a simple rain gauge, but the funnel leads to two tiny buckets. The two buckets are balanced (somewhat like a see-saw) and each holds .01 inch of water. When one bucket fills, it tips down and is emptied while the other bucket fills with rain water. Each tip of the buckets causes the device to record an increase of .01 inch of rain. Annual Precipitation A 30-year average of annual precipitation is used to determine the average annual precipitation for a specific place.  Today, the amount of precipitation is monitored electronically and automatically by computer-controlled rain gauges at local weather and meteorological offices and remote sites around the world. Where Do You Collect the Sample? Wind, buildings, trees, topography, and other factors can modify the amount of precipitation that falls, so rainfall and snowfall tend to be measured away from obstructions.  If youre placing a rain gauge in your backyard, make sure that it is not obstructed so that rain can fall directly into the rain gauge. How Do You Convert Snowfall into Rainfall Amounts? Snowfall is measured in two ways. The first is a simple measurement of the snow on the ground with a stick marked with units of measurement (like a yardstick). The second measurement determines the equivalent amount of water in a unit of snow. To obtain this second measurement, the snow must be collected and melted into water. Generally, ten inches of snow produces one inch of water. However, it can take up to 30 inches of loose, fluffy snow or as little as two to four inches of wet, compact snow to produce an inch of water.

Would you be willing to go on a one way trip for the rest of your Essay

Would you be willing to go on a one way trip for the rest of your lives to the Galaxy Andromeda. Why or why not - Essay Example However, I think something unsure that may even cause my death is not worth risking my relationships on Earth. Also, I do not see the appeal of doing something significant when there is no way to share my experience with the people who are important to me. Like William Feather, if I see my life as an adventure, I can get the most out of it. Thus, I would not lead a boring existence and I would not need to find something to achieve or do to make my existence exciting. I would find joy and contentment in the life that I have on Earth. Indeed there may be a lot to explore in the Galaxy Andromeda. But then again, the Earth is so vast it would be impossible for me to explore the totality of it in my lifetime. Yes, there may be new experiences in that other galaxy. Still, new experiences also await me on Earth and surely they will be no less surprising for the simple reason that these new experiences will be mostly

ICE Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

ICE Paper - Essay Example In fact, he estimated that 70% of the oil is made up of imports. The fact that oil is the key driver of the American economy, it cannot go without saying that a significant share of our energy resources is derived from other countries. This is not only detrimental to our economy, but to the environment and national security as well. Pickens comes up with a raft of proposals that will help this country to reduce its foreign oil imports by a third. He believes that this is a necessary course since the global demand for oil is increasing by the day if the emergence of China and India is anything to go by. To begin with, Pickens proposes the use of Wind Power. This is because he considers wind to be not only renewable and clean, but it is 100% domestic as well. In addition, America has the largest wind reserves as opposed to any other country across the globe. By doing this, it will take the â€Å"energy generated by wind and using it to replace a significant percentage of the natural gas that is now being used to fuel our power plants.† In other words, the use of wind energy will go a long way in ensuring that the natural gas is solely used as a transportation fuel. More often than not, natural gas is considered as the form of energy that can sustain the transportation sector by virtue of it being clean, ch eap, and in abundance. By taking this route, it will drive more efforts towards the development and manufacture of natural-gas-powered vehicles (Levi, 56). Furthermore, our dependence on wind energy will help to plug the deficit of unemployment. In the process, this new development will be a major investment â€Å"in the heartland, creating room for hundreds of thousands of jobs† in the next few decades. This move will create an avenue for use of other sources of energy such as biomass, solar, and ethanol. Taking a step in this direction will save the country from

Angels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Angels - Essay Example Indeed the angels have been major guiding forces through the ages and they have remained an intrinsic part of my life from the childhood. I do agree with the author that angels do exist and influence our decision in issues and events in our daily life. While they may not come as fairies and bright lights or even people with halos, the voice of our conscience at critical hour, could be construed as the voice of the angels who want us to take the right path and correct decision. The subtle ways in which people are forewarned of dire consequences greatly reinforce the presence of some super power in our life and calling them by angels would not be incorrect, especially when our religious mythology has called them as messengers of God. My belief in the angels has not mellowed with growing up because I still believe that angels have come to me whenever I have been in difficult situations, in the form of friends, relative or even stranger who have come forward and guided me to safety and right path. In my acquaintance, I don’t have people who have unbiblical ideas about angels though, some of them may not believe in the existence of guardian angels. I do believe that angels are someone who want us to fight against the evil forces that might come in different forms, shapes and means. That is the reason that the new age angels have taken the form of Harry Potter, Sabrina, the witch etc. The media is abound with the tales of heroes that have fought the death traps and conquered the destructive forces that have come to harm the people and threatened the existence of this world. The children are greatly attracted to such serials and show because somewhere deep within them, they believe that good people will overpower the evil forces. These shows are successful primarily because they confirm the beliefs of the children. The scriptures of various religions have one common belief and that is that there is some super power which takes care

Future Policing Essay Example for Free

Future Policing Essay The field of police work is constantly being forced to develop and improve its protocols, procedures, and practices in an effort to keep pace with the ever-changing society in which it operates and criminal behavior it seeks to eradicate. While the history of policing has been marked by substantial changes throughout time, the work of modern-day police officers and officials demonstrate some of the most substantial adaptations to its surrounding environment that the field has ever seen. In order to understand where the future of policing is heading, it is important to first understand these current trends that are affecting the current landscape of the profession. By doing so, some foreseeable critical issues that may affect policing in the future can be identified, and potential changes can then be proposed and implemented to effectively address these critical issues. Perhaps the most important current trends in policing are those that affect the operational aspects of its crime fighting function. The first and foremost trend amongst this group has been the development of intelligence-led policing, which at its most basic, deals with the â€Å"identification of specific criminal activities or specific criminal populations and targeted enforcement against the highest-risk crimes or criminals to achieve overall reduction in the impact of crime in a community† (Wallentine, 2009, para. ). Within this broadly encompassing trend have come a few important changes affecting police departments across the nation. One is that many police agencies have begun to incorporate professional intelligence analysts into their ranks, a brand new position for most departments and one whose importance will likely continue to grow in the years to come (Wallentine, 2009). Another is that police leadership and command staff has had to incorporate and learn new technologies, and djust to new methods of collecting and sharing information between one another and with the general public (Wallentine, 2009). The overall result of these efforts, particularly in big cities, is a trend away from forceful policing and towards enlightened policing (Herbert, 2007). With that being said, there has also been a trend of increased rates in the commission of violent crimes that has certainly affected policing regardless of what tactics are implored. This includes upticks in international terrorism-based crimes, as well as traditional domestic criminal behavior (Cetron Davies, 2008). Yet perhaps an even more troublesome aspect of this trend, especially when it comes to homicides, is that these increases have not been spread across the country through moderate rises in all cities, but rather through dramatic rises in homicides in some cities that simply outpace the substantial decreases other cities have experienced (Herbert, 2007). Most of the explanations offered for this imbalanced trend deal with financial cutbacks that have been made to federal crime fighting programs and others that have left many police departments shorthanded (Herbert, 2007). Thus, budgeting strains and constraints serve as a final trend currently affecting policing, as over half of all policing agencies suffered budget cuts in 2012 alone, which comes on top of nearly 80-percent having experienced the same in 2010 (Police Executive, 2013). Alongside the policing trend of improving intelligence and technology, there has naturally been an increase in smarts and technological acumen of criminals. When this is combined with the trends of an overall increase in crime and a decrease in police budgets, the result is that a number of foreseeable issues that could potentially affect policing in the future have risen to the forefront of concern. As each generation becomes more and more Internet and electronic-savvy, there is an increased likelihood that in the years to come America will be plagued with more white-collar crimes than ever before (Wallentine, 2009). This issue becomes even more critical as globalization continues to spread ideas and technologies worldwide on a faster pace than ever, and the gap between rich and poor in the global marketplace increases as well, because he foreseeable result is the strengthening of domestic gangs and international separatist and extremist movements, which of course will lead to even greater spikes in crime rates and terrorist attacks (Cetron Davies, 2008). Unfortunately, the financial trend that has been seen in policing will likely continue for the foreseeable future, which will not only limit the ability to confront these new critical issues, but will likely exacerbate them as well (Police Executive, 2013). It is also foreseeable that new state efforts to combat their overall economic struggles will serve as a critical issue with adverse policing affects as well. More and more states continue to modify their early release policies, putting criminals back onto the streets sooner and in greater numbers than ever before, which has caused police officials to almost unanimously report that they expect to see increases in their crime rates as a result (Police Executive, 2013). While these foreseeable critical issues certainly pose a set of substantial concerns for and potential threats to policing in the future, many can be dealt with and effectively addressed in the present-day through the implementation of a handful of changes. The first change that can start to take place in the policing world today is to establish partnerships between police forces operating in different parts of the nation and even those positioned in different societies throughout the globe (Cetron Davies, 2008). While there has been a trend towards more collaborative police efforts in recent years, these efforts may need to take on a more international scope in order to address the critical issues that are likely to arise in an increasingly globalized world. The effectiveness of this change would be to allow police departments, particularly those in large U. S. cities, to address newly developing problems in their communities by connecting with other police forces that have already had to deal with the same exact types of problems in their societies for a long period of time (Cetron Davies, 2008). For example, Israeli law enforcement officials have ample experience when it comes to dealing with the threat and realization of modern terrorist attacks, and their knowledge would serve as a great asset to big-city police forces in the U. S. if it were to be conveyed through joint-training or planning exercises (Cetron Davies, 2008). Preparation and planning are also the keys that are essential to the changes that may be needed to effectively address the critical economic issues facing policing in the future. Although funding for police departments has been trending downwards for most localities in recent years, there has also been a concerted effort by federal and state governments to make new funds available when it comes to responding to natural disasters and terrorist attacks (Cetron Davies, 2008). In light of this, police forces should develop contingency plans that will allow them to efficiently and effectively access funding and take advantage of external support structures that would be made available to them in the wake of these occurrences (Cetron Davies, 2008). Likewise, a dual-financial purpose would be served if changes to how retired officers are viewed were put in place. Using retired officers as auxiliaries in particular situations would benefit them by helping to counteract the negative pension trend they are faced with, and would also help their employing departments by offering them a means in which they can extend their resource supply without having to pay the full-time salary requirements of newly hired officers (Cetron Davies, 2008).

Competitor Analysis and Global Strategy of Nestlé

Competitor Analysis and Global Strategy of Nestlà © Nestlà © depicts itself as a sustenance, nourishment, wellbeing, and health organization. As of late they made Nestlà © Nutrition, a worldwide business association intended to fortify the attention on their center subsistence business. They think reinforcing their authority in this market is the key component of their corporate procedure. This market is described as one in which the shoppers essential inspiration for a buy is the cases made by the item in light of dietary substance. Keeping in mind the end goal to strengthen their upper hand around there, Nestlà © made Nestlà © Nutrition as a self-ruling worldwide specialty unit inside the association, and accused it of the operational and benefit and misfortune obligation regarding the claim-based business of Infant Nutrition, HealthCare Nutrition, and Performance Nutrition. This unit plans to convey unbeaten business execution by offering shoppers trusted, science based sustenance items and administrations. The Corporate Wellness Unit was intended to incorporate healthful esteem included their sustenance and drink organizations. This unit will drive the nourishment, wellbeing and health association over all their sustenance and refreshment organizations. It includes a noteworthy correspondence exertion, both inside and remotely, and endeavors to nearly adjust Nestlà ©s logical and RD ability with purchaser benefits. This unit is in charge of organizing even, cross-business extends that address current client worries and additionally expecting future shopper patterns. Global Strategy Nestlà © is a worldwide association. Knowing this, it is not astounding that universal methodology is at the heart of their aggressive core interest. Nestlà ©s focused techniques are related predominantly with remote direct interest in dairy and other sustenance organizations. Nestlà © means to adjust deals between generally safe yet low development nations of the created world and high hazard and conceivably high development markets of Africa and Latin America. Nestlà © perceives the productivity potential outcomes in these high-chance nations, however vows not to go out on a limb for development. This procedure of supporting keeps development enduring and shareholders glad. When working in a created showcase, Nestlà © endeavors to develop and pick up economies of scale through outside direct interest in huge organizations. As of late, Nestlà © allowed the LC1 brand to Mà ¼ller (an extensive German dairy maker) in Germany and Austria. In the creating markets, Nestlà © develops by controlling fixings or preparing innovation for neighborhood conditions, and utilize the fitting brand. For instance, in numerous European nations most chilled dairy items contain now and then a few circumstances the fat substance of American Nestlà © items and are discharged under the Sveltesse mark name. Another methodology that has been fruitful for Nestlà © includes hitting key organizations with other substantial organizations. In the mid 1990s, Nestlà © went into an organization together with Coca Cola in prepared to-drink teas and espressos request to profit by Coca Colas overall packaging framework and aptitude in arranged refreshments. European and American sustenance markets are seen by Nestlà © to be level and wildly focused. Subsequently, Nestlà © is setting is sights on new markets and new business for development. In Asia, Nestlà ©s system has been to secure neighborhood organizations with a specific end goal to shape a gathering of self-sufficient territorial administrators who find out about the way of life of the nearby markets than Americans or Europeans. Nestlà ©s solid income and agreeable obligation value proportion abandon it with adequate muscle for takeovers. As of late, Nestlà © procured Indofood, Indonesias biggest noodle maker. Their concentrate will be basically on growing deals in the Indonesian market, and in time will hope to fare Indonesian nourishment items to different nations. Nestlà © has utilized a wide-range technique for Asia that includes creating diverse items in every nation to supply the locale with a given item from one nation. For example, Nestlà © manufactures soy drain in Indonesia, espresso flavors in Thailand, soybean flour in Singapore, treat in Malaysia, and grain in the Philippines, for territorial circulation.

Anna Karenina - The Complex Character of Constantine Dmitrich Levin Ess

Anna Karenina - The Complex Character of Constantine Dmitrich Levin    In the novel Anna Karenina, written by Leo Tolstoy, both major and minor characters played important roles through out the story. One protagonist, Constantine Dmitrich Levin, caught my interest as being a compassionate, moral character. Constantine Dmitrich Levin is a complex character whose direct and indirect characterization emphasizes a search for balance. Constantine Dmitrich Levin, often called Levin or Constantine, later Kostya by Kitty, is a farmer in eighteenth century Russia. He enjoys his work and avoids the city at all costs. He is madly in love with Princess Catherine Alexandrovna Shcherbatskaya, normally called Kitty, but she rejects him in hoping that Count Alexey Kirilich Vronsky, normally named Vronsky, a man who has shown great interest in her, will propose marriage. Both are discarded but reconcile their feelings and eventually marry.       The novel Anna Karenina directly depicts Levin as a strongly built, honest worker, who dislikes the immoral views of the aristocracy. Levin enjoys his choice of work in the fields and begins to trust the peasants who assist him in his farming duties. He believes that working outside the cities provide a more noble lifestyle. Levin considers peasants to be more independent that those in urban areas and considers the peasants more morally correct.       Seeing the waiters busy over washing up the crockery and setting in order their plates and wine-glasses, seeing their calm and cheerful faces, Levin felt an unexpected sense of relief as though he had come out of a stuffy room into the fresh air (Tolstoy, 695, part 6, chapter 28).    Work p... ...her; he wishes the peasants to control their lives with self-interests, not by the interests of the government because the general welfare may not benefit the peasants or him.       Of the two protagonists of the novel, Anna Karenin and Constantine Levin, Levin is the one I admire most. Directly depicted as an honest, moral man, Levin is well liked among people he meets and does not try to escape to a fantasy world as Anna did. The novel goes in-depth by indirectly depicting him to be a philosophical thinker and an atheist, who is torn apart by his beliefs. The manner Tolstoy describes Levin is appealing, for I admire all of the qualities he possesses and that is why I chose him for my character of study. By using both direct and indirect characterizations, Tolstoy aimed to depict Levin as the role model for Russians in the eighteenth century.

B321 Tma 02

Question 1 (a) Simons (1999, pg 768) describes intrinsic motivation as â€Å"desire to engage in behaviours or actions in anticipation of internally- generated rewards such as personal feelings of accomplishment† and extrinsic motivation Simons describes as (1999, pg 766) â€Å"desire to engage in behaviours or actions in anticipation of tangible rewards, such as money or promotion†. Extrinsic motivation is created by financial incentives. An incentive as Simons (1999, 767) describes as being â€Å"a reward or payment that is used to motivate performance.The two types of motivation mentioned above can be used to design a rewards package for the product centre managers. First I will discuss intrinsic motivation; this type of motivation is â€Å"from within† (as Simon states (1999, pg 245)) rather than external. Managers can improve intrinsic motivation, Simon’s (1999, pg 245) states â€Å"they can make people proud of where they work† and also †Å"they can involve subordinates in the goal setting process to increase the likelihood that subordinates will see the goals as legitimate.If subordinates are included in the process of setting goals-asked to provide input and information –they are more likely to feel that the goals are legitimate and work more diligently to achieve them†. The motivation is aligned to Air Tex Aviation’s performance goals, which are, the granting of credit but managers have performance goals set by Ted, monthly charges against their departmental profits, managers are more likely to stick to the rules set by Ted because they are in control of credit.Also, the purchasing of capital equipment and operating supplies but having predetermined limits this gives the managers a sense of control and able to make decisions without having to ask permission whenever a purchase was to be made. Moreover product managers are allowed to set policies such as pricing for products or services. They al so have the power to hire, fire and administer the salary. Product centre managers can rewarded because they have the responsibility to do the above and are free to make choices within set boundaries. Other rewards can be meaningfulness managers may feel they are doing something important.Also another reward is having the competence, managers can feel satisfied. Lastly, another reward is having the sense of progress, product centre managers will feel they have gained something. I will now discuss the extrinsic incentives, Simons (1999 pg 245-246) states â€Å"financial performance awards-typically in the form of bonuses-can be linked explicitly to the achievement of goals and targets. Since incentives are to motivate performance Ted has allocated 10% bonus to managers. (b) Simon’s four levers of control can be used in the implementation of strategy for Air Tex Aviation.Simon’s states â€Å"Strategic control is not achieved through new and unique performance measureme nt and control system, but through belief systems, boundary systems, diagnostic control systems and interactive control systems working together to control both the implementation of intended strategies and the formation of emergent strategies†. Simon’s (1999, pg 763) describes belief systems as â€Å"explicit set of organisational definitions that senior managers communicate formally and reinforce systematically to provide basic values, purpose, and direction for the organisation†.Figure 14-2 Levers of control (Simon’s pg, 305) shows belief systems as â€Å"strategy as Perspective† and â€Å"Obtaining Commitment to the Grand Purpose, this in the context of Airtex Aviation are firstly Ted and Frank have taken control of the business, Ted is President and chief operating officer and Frank is chairmanship. They also have a vision to grow at a rate of 20% per year for the first five years. To implement strategy Ted and Frank decentralised authority an d made each operating activity a profit centre and grouped them by departments.Departments were given authority over his operations. This creates shared beliefs and missions within the business. Employees will be more motivated because of the more control they have and they will have the sense of belonging to the business. Simon’s (1999, pg 764) describes boundary systems as â€Å"explicit statements embedded in formal information systems that define and communicate specific risks to be avoided†. Boundary Systems in the situation of Air Tex Aviation are, Simon’s (1999, pg 297) described as â€Å"rules, limits and proscriptions†.Rules in Airtex Aviation are decentralising the business, installing a control system. Limits introduced are profit centre’s having the authority to buy operating supplies and capital equipment with purchase order limits. A reason for limits is described by Simon’s (1999, pg 297) as â€Å"to allow individual creativi ty within defined limits of freedom†. Proscriptions include removing Sarah Arthur and her accounting system as it was not working and introduce a control system that support’s the management and provides information needed in order to make decisions.The accounting system before gave employees a lack of motivation because they were not involved in the decision making process. Also Simon’s (1999, pg 279) states â€Å"communicate standards of business conduct for all employees†, that’s what the new control system does, involves all employees. My recommendations to AirTex Aviation would be use all four levers of control together as one can’t work without the others. Also I would recommend the company when financially able to perhaps train managers, as most employees have only studied up to high school.Another recommendation would be for the department managers to set out goals for their own departments, use a balance scorecard or something simila r. Moreover, I would also recommend the business owners to draw up perhaps a mission statement or a statement of purpose and distribute it to each manager, so they know the objective and purpose of the business. Overall, the owners have turned the business around and should carry on as they have done so. Question 2 (a) In the article by Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994), most of the interviewees agreed, net present value is superior to payback.I will summarise the views of the five interviewees below. Adam a lecturer was one those that thought that NPV is better than PB. Adam does however think that payback, in Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994) â€Å"works fine for simple, straightforward projects†, but does say how useless it is and NPV gives the right answer and considers time value for money. He also thinks that NPV has no disadvantage whatsoever. He also goes on to say that calculating NPV is easy because of the use of computers. His academic group also agree with him that NPV is superior.Frank chief accountant was one of those interviewed who was against NPV and suspicious of it, describing it as â€Å"dangerous† Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994). He has been using PB for many years and says it is simple to use and NPV is complicated, time consuming and â€Å"conveys spurious accuracy† Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994). He also says that NPV is hard for managers to understand they prefer PB. Simon a senior finance manager thought no appraisal method has â€Å"importance† but believes â€Å"NPV only relevant with high interest rates & long time periods†, Jones, T.C. and Dugdale, D. (1994). He believes that information given to managers should be what they want and accountants should help in making investment decisions not decide which appraisal method to use. Judy a junior finance manager prefers to use NPV rather than PB because it considers time value for money which is important in her view. She also says †Å"NPV gives ability to alter assumptions & identify different outcomes† Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994). She has very strong views for NPV and thinks managers should use this technique only.Managers have studied MBA’s so thinks it will be easy for them to understand. But â€Å"She fears that she may be ‘a victim of my training’ which might have been academic ‘brainwashing’†, Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994). Len a finance officer also says net present value is superior to payback. He doesn’t agree with Adam’s suggestion that â€Å"PB figures might be adjusted to reflect more clearly the results of NPV analysis† Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D, because of ethical rules. (1994).He too like Adam finds calculating NBV easy because of the use of computers. The interviewee’s which I mostly agree with are Len, Judy and Adam this is because, they believe that NPV is superior to PB. Also NPV considers time value of money and is easy to calculate because of the use of computers. I also agree with Judy that managers should be taught NPV because PB is simple and as Adam said NPV should be used for minor projects. (b) Pure reasoning in my view would be coming up with answers which would be the norm and what most people would agree to.An example in B321 case studies would have to be that of Classic Pen Company: Developing an ABC Model. Jane Dempsey came up with information by using methods such as activity based costing used by accountants. Overall, I think pure reasoning would have the most influence on someone’s decision making process this is because most people adhere to the norm they don’t want to be seen as deviant. Also most people would be scared to do otherwise just in case the decision doesn’t turn out to be as expected, which may get them into a lot of trouble. (c)My views have changed since reading the article because, before I thought that calculating net present v alue for investment appraisal was complex and very complicated but both Adam and Len find it easy because of the use of computers. Also before reading the article I thought payback was completely useless and unreliable for investment appraisal but as Adam points out it is fine to use on simple projects. Also another benefit for NPV is that it â€Å"gives ability to alter assumptions & identify different outcomes†, Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994) as Judy points out.Both appraisal methods have their benefits, net present value has more benefits overall. Question 3 (a) Total machine hours: 880,000 ? 44,000 = 20 Game Pies: 20 ? 4,000 = 80,000 ? 2000 = ? 40 per batch Pork Pies: 20 ? 40,000 = 800,000 ? 20,000 = ? 40 per batch (b) Set up related: 420,000 ? 200 = 2,100 Pork Pies: 2,100 ? 120 = 252,000 ? 20,000 = ? 12. 60 Game Pies: 2,100 ? 80 = 168,000 ? 2,000 = ? 84 Purchasing related: 240,000 ? 480 = 500 Pork Pies: 500 ? 320 = 160,000 ? 20,000 = ? 8 Game Pies: 500? 160 = 80,000 ? 2,000 = ? 40 Volume related: 44,000 + 88,000 = 132,000 220,000 ? 32,000 = 1. 67 Pork Pies: 1. 67 ? 120,000 = ? 200,400 ? 20,000 = ? 10. 02 Game Pies: 1. 67 ? 12,000 = ? 20,040 ? 2000 = ? 10. 02 Cost centre costs for pork pies per batch: ? 12. 60 + ? 8 + ? 10. 02 = ? 30. 62 Cost centre costs for game pies per batch: ? 84 + ? 40 + ? 10. 02 = ? 134. 02 (c) The difference with activity based costing and traditional costing is, firstly traditional costing only assigns overhead cost: machine hours or direct labour hours to products. Whereas activity based costing uses activities â€Å"for accumulating costs† as described by Atkinson (2004, pg 127).